The Effects of Population Density on the Reproduction and...

Abstract The population dynamics of Daphnia magna are observed under three different conditions; low, medium, and high density. The effects of different population densities on the survivorship and reproduction of Daphnia are observed over a two-week period within a lab environment. Over the two week period, the numbers of parent Daphnia alive and dead are recorded daily, along with the amount of offspring produced each day. From the main parameter investigated, the net reproductive rate, the results of the experiment support that higher densities result in less successful reproduction and decreased fecundity. Values for the instantaneous growth rate of the populations also suggests that low and medium density populations allow for†¦show more content†¦This can explain why growth and survivorship seem to remain constant within a population regardless of resource availability. Ban et al. (2009) also found that Daphnia pulex grown under crowded conditions grew much more slowly tha n those that were grown alone, even when the food supply was sufficient. The individuals grown in a high density population were also observed to have a smaller net reproductive rate, due to the essential need for them to conserve resources necessary for their own survival. These sources, as well as the results obtained from our experiment, support the claim that higher population densities result in reduced rates of reproduction and decreased chances of survival. Methods The experiment took place in a laboratory setting, and the first step was obtaining sixty individual Daphnia magna (that were neither adults nor tiny offspring) from a large tank in the lab. These individuals were equally divided into three groups; low density, medium density, and high density. The twenty Daphnia assigned to the low density group were split into four groups of five and pipetted into one of four tubes filled with 10mL of Chlamydomonas algae. The twenty Daphnia assigned to the medium density group were split into two groups of ten and placed into one of two tubes also filled up to 10mL with Chlamydomonas. The final twenty Daphnia were all placed into a single tube filled with 10mL of the algae. In order to avoid suffocation-related

Chapter Analysis Mulan Essay - 1252 Words

Casey Kirk Ms. Clarke English 1301 20 October 2016 Bring Honor to us all In Walt Disney’s, Mulan, the classic story tells the tale of a young woman in China who decides step up and fight in fear that her disabled father will be drafted. As a girl living under a patriarchal regime, she is aware that she is not allowed to serve. Mulan defies the odds of a stereotypical girls by impersonating a man and sets off to train with the other recruits. As Mulan overcomes many challenges, she uses her talents to help defeat the Huns along with falling in love with the captain. Through the character Mulan, the film focuses on overcoming gender stereotypes and embracing individuality. The Disney classic allows young children to believe that they are capable to do whatever they set their minds to no matter the circumstance or their gender. The movie begins with the main character, Mulan, being prepared to be chosen as a bride by a suitable man. Within the social system that Mulan lives in, this is the only way that honor can be brought to her family. The roles of women in China’s society are different from the expectations which males are to uphold. Mulan’s family and the towns people sing together stating that the best she can to bring honor is to become a wife â€Å"with good taste [be] calm, obedient†¦, good breading and have a tiny waist† (Mulan). In this same scene the men’s acceptations are spelled out much differently when the song says, â€Å"we all must serve our emperor, who guardsShow MoreRelatedA Critical Analysis Of Disney s Mulan2002 Words   |  9 Pages Being True to Yourself: A critical analysis of Disney’s Mulan Disney has long been recognized as a studio that creates premium entertainment for the whole family. For decades, the classic fairy tales, told for centuries, were brought to life with beautiful artistic renderings that left audiences captivated in awe. 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My First Day at Work Free Essays

Will Fu Interactive: Core Lab 1 February 2010 Interface, defined by the dictionary as a common boundary or interconnection between systems, equipment, concepts, or human beings. It is what allows two very different objects to share a connection. How can the word interface be applied to exhibits at museums? I quickly realized that answer after paying a visit to the American Museum of Natural History. We will write a custom essay sample on My First Day at Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the museum, there are these galleries consisting of various taxidermies of animals. Each animal had its own display case and the case was decorated and painted to look as close to its natural habitat as possible. As I stop to look at these animals in their display cases and appreciate the work that the artists put in to emulate its surroundings, I began to feel as if I am in the plains of Africa, standing next to a zebra, or in the deep woods of the Rocky Mountains in front of a Grizzly Bear. I began to imagine what it would be like if I were actually at these places that these animals lived. Then as I walk into the oceanic section, they had the same setup for the marine life. There was this particular showcase that for some reason was so powerful to me that it sent chills down my spine. It was of a whale and a giant squid tangled in a deep-sea battle. The longer I stared at it the more I felt this battle was actually happening in front of me as if any moment, these two animals going to come to life. The reason I chose to talk about these animal showcases is because the way that it made me feel. The animals posed so naturally and the realistic installations served as an interface between me and the deep-sea animals and the wildlife of the jungle. I think these showcases are good examples of interface in museums because it helped me visualize what these places are like in real life. How to cite My First Day at Work, Papers

Role of Social Media Applications-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social Networks in Business. Answer: Introduction The use of social media and social networking sites has risen which has resulted in increased customer base across the globe. Using social networks is also of huge importance in developing strong communication between the organisation and the consumers. Social networks have brought transformation in the way the business entities perform and operate. There are numerous authors that have highlighted the impact, pros and cons of social networks on the business in the past literature. Project Objective The aim of this study is to analyze and comprehend the advantages, disadvantages and impact of the social networks on the businesses. The objective of the literature review is to provide insights about the key benefits as well as drawbacks of taking use of social networks in the businesses. To understand the role of social network in improving customer engagement Project Scope There is a vital role of social media applications, social networks and the various recognized social platforms for developing the business organisations and to achieve increased global presence. Irrespective of the size whether large, medium or small, all types of business enterprises and influenced by the presence of social networks either in a positive or a negative manner. Internet is considered as significant part of the human lives without which they are sound incomplete in the present scenario as it serves various purpose such as shopping, mailing, educational work, employment, etc. The rapidly increasing use of the social networks and internet has demonstrated a significant growth of the technological sector as it has an extreme optimistic impact for the business organizations and the entrepreneurs to achieve upsurge global presence (Celine, 2012). Literature Review There are several meanings of social network in the general sense which has been explained by the researchers in context with different scenarios but to understand it from the business perspective, social network is the interpersonal relationship between the business organization and the other individuals whether being customers or other group of people (Kadushin, 2012). Existence of social network in the business is because of two key reasons i.e. for the transferring of information and for facilitating that info. Maximum of the organisations are taking use of the social networks for managing their marketing functions. It is essential for the marketing executive of the organizations to comprehend and analyze the cons and pros of using social networks for the business purpose (Parveen, 2012). The application of social network can be more explained as the source by which there is interaction among the key customers and the organisations or the businesses which includes the development , sharing and generation of the various business contents. Earlier the media was helpful in terms of offering the content only but in present time with innovative technologies and social networks there is increased support of the social network sin promoting the businesses and the associated products and the services. It is very helpful is achieving high customer engagement and involvement. The researchers have emphasized on wide variety of the social media that initiates from the personal social networks like yammer, social cast, and jive to the extensive social networks that comprises of recognized names like Facebook, LinkedIn and various other. The social networks that offer wide range of information i.e. the content social networks that include YouTube, Wikis, etc. YouTube (Casson and Giusta, 2007). (Source: Paniagua and Bolufer, 2014) The authors have developed a theoretical framework upon the impact of social network and social media on the business performance. According to this framework there are various social media sites and platforms that offer the chance to build a strong social network which has a direct impact upon the businesses which can be both positive and negative. The business associates or entrepreneurs choose the most preferred and appropriate channel of social network for satisfying the needs of the business and to have continuous growth. The authors and researchers have identified numerous advantages and positive outcomes of taking use of social network in the businesses (Harris and Rae, 2009). The key and the most recognized advantage is the extensive reach to increased number of customer bases. It has been observed that all the organisations are not much financial sound and thus there is lack of capital investment which results in barricades on the path of organizational success and business expansion. In that case, the use of social networks helps them in building a strong and big channel with no or just limited cost (Celine, 2012). With the support of social media technologies and the social networks in the business, there can be effective selling of the products and services at various regions of the world. Targeting the overseas potential customers becomes feasible and easy through the use of social networks. Therefore, it can be stated that the use of social networks helps the businesses and specifically one with small scale operations to have increased customer bases and global presence (Park, Kee and Valenzuela, 2009). The next advantage of social network highlighted by the authors in their literature is the flexible approach. Because of the issues such as restricted capital and less known brand name in the international regions, there are numerous trade restrictions that act as the barricade for the businesses to have a sustainable global expansion. With the occurrence of the social networking, these issues has been resolved as with the having combined use of social networks and businesses practices there is no rigidity and barricades in entering global markets as it has developed several platforms on which business trades can take place (Michaelidou, Siamagka and Christodoulides, 2011). In the online market as an initiative of social network, there is no kind of entry restrictions and the trade barriers and also if offers advantage of having a reach to large business platforms without offering any kind of monetary fee to these platforms for initiating business. This gives an additional advantage to the small enterprises to serve globally and have development of their business. Another benefit of social networks is that these networks support in enhancing the brand loyalty (Cross, et al., 2004). The more and high the number of followers there will be, there is probability that these customers will have a reliability towards the brand. The potential customers or the individuals who follow the brand by the mains of social networks are the most potential customers of the business and social networks offers the advantage to the business to have followers from across the world (Kirti? and Karahan, 2011). With the increased brand visibility through social networking sites, the customers get connected to the brand and it results in increase sales and market share and brand recognition. It is utmost difficult to analyze and evaluate the competitors moves and strategies (Parveen, 2012). With the help of the social networks it is easy to get info about the strategic and competitive mo ves of other organisations. It is the key advantage of social network for the businesses to fetch relevant info about the taste and need of the customers and information about the key competitors. And therefore, it helps the organisation in formulating adequate strategies to sustain the market competition (Valente, 2010). (Source: Kash, 2013) Many of the researchers have emphasized on one of the primary advantage of social networks i.e. to build strong association by the means of trust, efficiency, relevance and access. To achieve increase sustainability, the businesses required support from the social connections for growing. Access to a broader set of consumers is by the means of an effective communication channel. Social networks benefit the businesses by developing a two way communication where there is high involvement of the customers (Cheung, Chiu and Lee, 2011). The improved association and building of association results in attaining more number of reliable customers as the two way communication helps in solving the issues of the customers. These customer groups because of regular interaction and engagement do not easily switch to the competitors products and because of social network stay connected to the businesses. Another technological advantage attained by the businesses is that the rates of conversion becom es higher as because of an enlarged area for business trading, the companies have numerous opportunities to diversify their existing business and try something new (Leonardi, Huysman and Steinfield, 2013). There are numerous ways with the help of which the business can achieve increase visibility and recognition such as content, various blog posts, images, comments and videos. All these things are the part of social networking that offers promotional advantages to the businesses. With higher conversion arte and robust social networks, the possibility of modifications in the business operations increases and thus, there are several opportunities for the businesses to go for (Edosomwan, et al., 2011). The businesses can manage the production and sakes of the products which are not in high demand or can increase the supply of the products that have huge demand. All these data can be easily gathered by the means of social networks that whether people have liked the products and services or not. Other few advantages of special networks in business comprises of increased efficiency as relevant info is collected in a more rapid way, relevant connections as through sound social networks there can be develop strong presence which helps in finding adequate vendors or suppliers, achieving modifications in the operations and extended network (Molina?Morales and Martnez?Fernndez, 2010). By having a different view point; few authors have demonstrated the negative implications of the social networks in the business in their research and literature. There has been emphasized the disadvantages of social networking in the businesses such as the key drawback is negative feedback from the customers side. To maintain and manage the goodwill of the brand image is the most essential element for the small as well as for the big companies. The customers analyze the products and services by its brand image. To achieve long term sustainability and high number of customers, it is essential to have a strong brand image (Sashi, 2012). With the global reach aspect of social networks, if the consumers have posted negative feedbacks, comments or any such thing then it turns out to be disgraceful for the businesses as the brand imaged gets deteriorate (Shabbir, Ghazi and Mehmood, 2016). It affects the potential customer who were about to buy the products but due to negative publicity th ey does not purchase products from that specific brand as the get impacted because of the negative reviews. Therefore, the business possesses a great threat of getting the brand image ruined. There are also other various disadvantages of the social network for the businesses as highlighted by the authors in the next part. With the arguments against the above explained positive side of social networking in the businesses, the authors have highlights another disadvantage of social networking that it is very much time consuming (Gronum, Verreynne and Kastelle, 2012). The authors explained that instead of capital consuming, the social networks are time consuming as there is a need of large amount of time for managing the social networks on a regular basis. For developing robust social presence, the businesses require to spend high amount of efforts and time. For small enterprises it becomes difficult to manage as there is less number of people to manage all the activities. Thus, the shortage of time results in restricted growth. Another disadvantage of social network in business is to possess adequate and in-depth knowledge of the aspect before indulging in this. The most prevalent disadvantage is the select ion of an adequate social network (Vsquez and Escamilla, 2014). There is need of effective evaluat ion to understand that out of all the social networks which will be the most suitable and competent one. If an inappropriate network is selected then it can result in wastage of time and resources, staying uncompetitive as well as reduces the number of opportunities available for growing the business due to the past results. Thus, it is a must that the businesses must perform an appropriate analysis of the social networks as per the needs of the businesses so that they can be utilized in the most efficient manner (Hensel and Deis, 2010). Conclusion Social networks are considered as the innovative way for the development of the businesses. The businesses in present time are taking increased use of the social networks for having an expanded customer base and global reach. From the overall analysis and insights from literature, it can be concluded that use of social networks in the businesses has numerous positive implication as well as some negative impacts too. There are both challenges and opportunities the social networking offers to the businesses and it depends upon the way social networks are applied and use which determines the success or failure of the business operations. It can be stated that social networking is considered as the potential tool for growing and developing the businesses rapidly (Qualman, 2010). Other than the benefits like increased promotion, advertising and publicity, there are also certain other advantages of social networks for the businesses such as global reach, offering opportunities for achievin g diversity, increased number of customers, brand loyalty, etc. As per the insights drawn from the literature it can be concluded that the businesses must be extremely careful while opting out for any social network to take use in the business as the outcomes completely depends upon the selection approach. Thus, to achieve maximum benefits, the organisations and the businesses must analyze the pros and cons if the social networks in an in-depth manner. References Casson, M. and Giusta, M.D., 2007. Entrepreneurship and social capital: Analysing the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial activity from a rational action perspective.International Small Business Journal,25(3), pp.220-244. Celine, A.R.C.A., 2012. Social Media Marketing benefits for businesses.Master of International Marketing. Cheung, C.M., Chiu, P.Y. and Lee, M.K., 2011. Online social networks: Why do students use facebook?.Computers in Human Behavior,27(4), pp.1337-1343. Cross, R., Parker, A., Christensen, C.M., Anthony, S.D. and Roth, E.A., 2004.The hidden power of social networks. Audio-Tech Business Book Summaries, Incorporated. Edosomwan, S., Prakasan, S.K., Kouame, D., Watson, J. and Seymour, T., 2011.The history of social media and its impact on business.Journal of Applied Management and entrepreneurship,16(3), p.79. Greve, A. and Salaff, J.W., 2003. Social networks and entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship theory and practice,28(1), pp.1-22. Gronum, S., Verreynne, M.L. and Kastelle, T., 2012.The role of networks in small and medium?sized enterprise innovation and firm performance.Journal of Small Business Management,50(2), pp.257-282. Harris, L. and Rae, A., 2009. Social networks: the future of marketing for small business.Journal of business strategy,30(5), pp.24-31. Hensel, K. and Deis, M.H., 2010. Using social media to increase advertising and improve marketing.The Entrepreneurial Executive,15, p.87. Kadushin, C., 2012.Understanding social networks: Theories, concepts, and findings. OUP USA. Kash, W., 2013.Why Social Media Networks Are Gaining A Greater Role In IT Decisions.Accessed on: 1st August, 2017. Accessed from: https://breakinggov.com/2013/01/08/social-media-networks-gain-greater-role-in-it-decisions/ Kirti?, A.K. and Karahan, F., 2011.To be or not to be in social media arena as the most cost-efficient marketing strategy after the global recession.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,24, pp.260-268. Leonardi, P.M., Huysman, M. and Steinfield, C., 2013. Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(1), pp.1-19. Michaelidou, N., Siamagka, N.T. and Christodoulides, G., 2011. Usage, barriers and measurement of social media marketing: An exploratory investigation of small and medium B2B brands.Industrial marketing management,40(7), pp.1153-1159. Molina?Morales, F.X. and Martnez?Fernndez, M.T., 2010. Social networks: effects of social capital on firm innovation.Journal of Small Business Management,48(2), pp.258-279. Paniagua, J. and Bolufer, J.S., 2014. Business performance and social media: Love or hate. Accessed on: 1st August, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259621739_Business_performance_and_social_media_Love_or_hate Park, N., Kee, K.F. and Valenzuela, S., 2009.Being immersed in social networking environment: Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes.CyberPsychology Behavior,12(6), pp.729-733. Parveen, F., 2012, July. Impact Of Social Media Usage On Organizations. InPACIS(p. 192). Qualman, E., 2010.Socialnomics: How social media transforms the way we live and do business. John Wiley Sons. Sashi, C.M., 2012. Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media.Management decision,50(2), pp.253-272. Valente, T.W., 2010.Social networks and health: Models, methods, and applications. Oxford University Press. Vsquez, G.A.N. and Escamilla, E.M., 2014. Best practice in the use of social networks marketing strategy as in SMEs.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,148, pp.533-542.

Fahrenheit 451 Essays (770 words) - Fahrenheit 451,

Fahrenheit 451 John F. Kennedy once said, Conformity is jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth. This quote relates directly to the novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury. According to this statement, when a person is told how to live their own lives they often forget to make their own decisions, and they are no longer their own person. Conformity is following all commands and laws regardless of one's own beliefs. In the story, Guy Montag followed the rules set forth by the government, never second-guessing them. He never once thought of what these regulations really meant, or what the effects of his actions were. He never really experienced freedom. This quote expresses the changes that he made in his life. The book Fahrenheit 451, set in the future, shows rules that the world today would think of as outrageous laws. The most apparent law shown in the novel is that citizens of the country are unauthorized to own any type of book, or medium that expresses knowledge or the opinions of people. Although that this law is very well known in the land, it is often broken by those who refuse to give up reading books for entertainment or religious purposes. What the modern world's definition of a Fireman is today does not match the definition of a Fireman in this novel. Firemen in Fahrenheit 451 are employed with the sole purpose of starting fires as opposed to putting them out and saving lives. The fires started by these Firemen are provoked by reports that the owners of the building that is to be destroyed are hiding illegal books in the establishment. Guy Montag is a Fireman in this novel. He lives his whole life never thinking about what a book is or why it was so important for people to risk their lives to have them. His whole mindset on life changes when he meets an amazing girl named Clarisse McClellan. She begins to have Montag question his lifestyle and other aspects of life in general. This girl fully believes that she is has the right to live her own life, no matter what the rules of the government may be. McClellan begins to serve as an inspiration to Guy Montag. By the end of the story Montag has totally gone against the regulations of the government and his employers, and he begins a new, free life. Ray Bradbury, the author of Fahrenheit 451, uses many literary techniques to express the importance of freedom in a man's life. In the story Firemen, along with the government, are used as the antagonists of all problems that take place. The protagonist is at first Clarisse, and finally Montag, at the end. This shows that the character of Montag did change in the story after he no longer subsided to any rules. Irony was also used in this novel. This technique took place when Guy Montag, a Fireman, began to collect books and defy his country's laws. This was a very unpredictable and surprising situation for the reader. This irony pertains to the quote by explaining that once a man truly believes that he is free he no longer abides by ridiculous laws or regulations. The author of this story also compared the wife of Montag to her friends. Because the three women abided by the same laws, they each acted the same, and seemed to have identical personalities. The quote explains this by say ing that conformity is the enemy of growth. Therefore, Ray Bradbury wrote this novel exceptionally, and he used many different ways of writing to get his point across. In Conclusion, when one does not choose to live their own life, and they follow the rules set forth by others, neither change nor growth will occur in a person's life. Guy Montag, of the novel Fahrenheit 451, chose to live by this quote toward the end of the story. He learned that by following his own guidelines he would be the controller of the outcome of his life. Once he began to demonstrate actions that he felt were acceptable his personality changed enormously. The author of this novel, Ray Bradbury, did an admirable job expressing the changes that Montag experienced. He

Head Words

Head Words Head Words Head Words By Maeve Maddox English has several words that derive from caput, the Latin word for head. Here are just a few. The words cap, caparison, cape, and capuchin all trace their origin to a garment that was worn over the head. 1. cap Originally, the word referred to a hood. Unlike a hat, a cap does not have a brim. When a cap does not refer to something worn on a person’s head, it can mean something applied to the top of something. Bottles have caps, as do chimneys. 2. caparison A fancy covering for a horse is called a caparison. Medieval knights rode caparisoned horses in jousting tournaments. What’s the connection with head? The word comes from Medieval Latin caparo, which was a type of cape worn by old women; part of the cape covered the head. 3. cape Although now we think of a cape as fastening at the neck and hanging down around the shoulders, older capes included a part that covered the head, hence the name. 4. capuchin A Capuchin is a friar of the order of St. Francis. Capuchins got the name from the fact that they wore a cape called a capuchin; it included a hood. Capuchin monkeys are so-called because of black hair at the back of their heads; someone thought the patch of hair looks like a hood or cowl. 5. chaperon The Latin word caparo that gave us caparison also gives us our word chaperon. Originally the chaperon was a cap or hood worn by noblemen, but later it became a garment for women. I suppose that when the fashion was dropped by younger women, the older ones continued to wear them. In time chaperon came to mean an elderly woman who accompanies a young unmarried lady in public to protect her reputation. In current usage, a chaperon is any responsible person, man or woman, young or old, who accompanies younger people in a supervisory capacity. 6. per capita A legal term relating to inheritance, per capita is used generally to mean â€Å"on an individual basis†: The per capital GDP is a measure of the total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) and divides it by the number of people in the country.   7. capital and Capitol As a noun, capital can mean â€Å"the head of a pillar or column,† or â€Å"the chief town in a region.† The first Capitol was the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. In general usage, the word could mean any citadel on the top of a hill. In American usage, â€Å"the Capitol† is the building occupied by the United States Congress in Washington D.C. Similar buildings occupied by state legislatures in the various states are also called Capitols. The state Capitol (building) is located in the state capital (city). As an adjective, capital means â€Å"very important.† In Roman law, â€Å"capital punishment† could be death, but it could also be exile and the loss of property and citizenship, things that made life worth living for a Roman. In current usage, a â€Å"capital offense† is a crime punishable by death. â€Å"Capital punishment† is â€Å"death by execution.† 8. capitate, decapitate, capitulate, chapter An adjective, capitate means â€Å"having a head.† In botany and zoology an organ or the long narrow part of an organ is said to be capitate if it has a distinct head-like knob at one end. Decapitate is a verb meaning to separate the head from the body. Chapter comes from the Latin word capitulum, â€Å"little head.† A chapter is the main division of a book. Capitulate looks as if it would have something to do with the Latin source of the word for capture, but it too is from caput. Agreements, including terms for a town’s surrender, were written out under headings. 9. capo, captain, chief, chef The leader of a branch of the Mafia is a capo, Italian for head. The Italian word comes from good old caput. A captain is the head of whatever group is being led. Both chief and chef also descend from caput; both words translate literally as head. In heraldry, the chief is the top of the shield. Among people, the chief occupies the head position. Chief entered English from French in the 14th century with the meaning head, as in leader; its cognate chef followed in the 19th century with the meaning, â€Å"head cook.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

Radical Shakespeare a new way of doing Shakespeare Essay

Radical Shakespeare a new way of doing Shakespeare - Essay Example e† and when used as a noun in terms of â€Å"a person who supports great social and political change.†2 Working from these definitions, it should not be surprising to learn that â€Å"radical theatre aims to make extreme changes in existing views, habits, conditions or institutions.†3 However, this simple definition is deceptive as the concept of radical theatre becomes much more complex in the various ways through which this alternative approach might be applied – whether by protest, aesthetic differences or through other forms of expression. In his pamphlet discussing the various forms of radical theatre, Richard Walsh identifies three distinct approaches to radical theatre that can be generally classified as aesthetics defining politics, politics defining aesthetics, and aesthetics obscuring politics – â€Å"the social and political dimensions of theatre were truncated to allow an exploration of the encounter between the theatrical medium and the individual perceiving mind.†4 This idea of the use of the term radical to describe the theatre can be best understood by examining the work of a radical director such as Peter Brook. Therefore, this essay will consider in which ways, and to what extent, the work of Peter Brook can be regarded as radical. In order to develop an understanding of the radical changes that Peter Brook and others brought to the stage, it is necessary to first have a concept of the world of theatre as it existed before Brook entered the scene. The commercial structure of early British post-war theatre was characterized by the classical teachings of the upper/middle classes who felt theatre should reflect a particular adherence to tradition. Coming out of the war, much of Britain’s mainstream theatre was dominated by the ideologies of a relative minority of commercial businesses who were merely seeking a profit rather than being overly concerned with any kind of artistic achievement. If a theatre company wished to garner the

'civilization and its discontent, Sigmund Freud Essay

'civilization and its discontent, Sigmund Freud - Essay Example Freud was controversial and influential and in â€Å"civilization and its discontent†, Freud explicitly argues that humankind is violent and cites different terrible instances that suggest part of humankind is violent and he refers to it as â€Å"the inclination toward aggression†. Freud suggests that humans were never meant to be happy because what is often referred to as happiness comes from satisfaction of needs, which are currently complex therefore from this nature is possible as episodes. However, in â€Å"Civilization and its Discontents† Freud emphasized the social role of superego in preserving social order by preventing and turning individual aggression against the society which result in increased discontent with civilization. Though Freud has less to say regarding the common defense against guilt; he manages to show that instead of being victims of sadistic superego people become its agent in the name of ideals, laws and ethics. According to Freud (p. 66), conscience is one of the three functions of superego; however, Thrasymachus, the sophist, promotes doing away with justice as well as all moral standards when he breaks into the discussion angrily claiming to offer better definition of justice. Thrasymachus considers justice to be merely an advantage for the strong even though he considers his definition to be not the real definition of justice because it is de-legitimization of justice since he believes that it is not rewarding to be just. Thrasymachus believes that just behavior works for the benefit of other individuals and not the individual who behaves justly; therefore, he considers justice to be the unnatural restraint on people’s desire to have more. Hence, to Thrasymachus justice is a principle forced on people and does not benefit them to adhere to it so the rational thing is to ignore it entirely. Nevertheless, this view of Thrasymachus promotes injustice as a virtue because the perception of life from this vi ew is that life is a continuous competition for more money, power among others and individuals who possess much in the struggle have the greatest virtue. As the discussion progresses, its burden shifts from the challenge of defining justice to defining justice in a way that is proven and worthwhile. In â€Å"The Republic† Socrates tackles the challenge of describing justice and injustice throughout the discussion (Lear 186). Nevertheless, Thrasymachus manages to show that justice is never universally presumed to be valuable because there are individuals who this it better to look out for their interests instead of following rules. Thrasymachus claim points down to general sophistic moral concept that norms and mores considered just are mere conventions that hinder individuals who adhere to them while benefitting those who flout them. Thrasymachus does not only make assertions that norms of justice are conventions but also claims that the norms are conventions promoted by rule rs for their interests and keeping the subjects in oppression. In countering Thrasymachus claim, Socrates has various arguments against Thrasymachus claim the first argument involves making Thrasymachus admit that he advanced injustice as a virtue where life is a competition. Socrates also launches another long and complex chain of reasoning that results in him concluding that injustice can never be a virtue since it remains contrary to the virtue of wisdom. Injustice goes against wisdom since wise men like men skilled in some art do not seek to thrash out those that possess similar skills in the same art; as well, mathematicians are never in constant competition with each other. Socrates moves to another argument from the understanding that justice involves adherence to certain rules that enable similar

Human resource management simulation game of Green leafs hotels Essay

Human resource management simulation game of Green leafs hotels - Essay Example Absenteeism was also not more than the national average of 498 but equal to it. For the second quarter, the cost of hiring and layoffs dropped to $185,000. This comprised a sum of 60 new hiring, 5 new promotion additions and 5 promotion losses. This move helped in recording no overage or shortages. Different rates of wages increases were carried out across various levels given as $20, $15, $10, $7, and $5. This was in relation to a total training cost of $33,800. Indeed, the department did not pay as much attention to issues of training as it did in the previous quarter. The reason was that there were not as many new vacancies that needed to be filled. But the absence of training slightly increased accident rates and absenteeism (Chen and So, 2002). The total cost of hiring and layoff for the third quarter came up to $158,000. This entailed 59 new hiring, nine new promotions nine promotion losses. Consequently, there was no vacancy, anytime there was a loss of promotion position. Except for level 5, there was planned wage increase across all levels with levels 4, 3, 2 and 1 recording increases of $60, $55, $50 and $45. This was in relation to overall training cost of $33,800 just as in the second quarter. This means that we learnt from our mistakes in the second quarter were wages increases were not used as a means of morale boaster to ensure that there was sufficient wage increases this time round. The motivation helped in improving punctuality but because cost of training was not increased, minor accidents were still recorded (Hissam and Daniel, 1999). The fourth quarter saw one of the least total costs of hiring and layoffs, which came up of $100,000. Much of these went into promotions as compared to hiring as there were 50 new hiring; less than previous quarters but 19 promotions; far more than had been for any previous quarter. This quarter saw the highest increase in

Ford Global Strategy

Ford Global Strategy Global business environment is now transforming in more competitive and intense, for companies to operate globally it is more difficult and strategically challenging to retain their competitive advantage and gain profits. When organizations are expanding and working in global environment they need to have a global business strategy that in order to not only be successful in their home country but also to remain competitive internationally, as there different strategic choice are present to be used by top management, still the challenge is to select such strategy that is not in line short term business objectives but also can be carried out to achieve long term business objectives. Successful companies while enjoying their success face strategic paradox in and fail to understand the global environment and foresee upcoming challenges caused by being global, this strategic paradox not only affects their global profitability but also challenge them locally (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989). To understand the global business strategies, strategic paradox and analyze that what challenges an organization has to face while operating in current diverse business environment and what are the problems that need to be taken care of while implementing global business strategy we have choose a leading automotive company based in USA, named Ford Motor Company. In below mentioned lines I shall be analyzing few incidents in the life of the organization that will help us to understand strategic paradox; I shall review the literature available on some global business strategies to sustain competitive advantage in longer run, I shall also try to suggest key business decisions that will be helpful for the organization in longer run, and at the end we shall see that what are challenges that are likely to be faced while implementing this global business strategy. About Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is USA based market leader in automotive industry with its operations in more than 6 continents, and they operate near 70 plants worldwide, with about 159,000 employees worldwide it has been leading the automotive industry in USA, and Europe. With their successful mergers with Volvo, Aston Martin and Jaguar they have been able to perform well in UK as well, their vision names one plan one goal shows their global thinking with the integration on suppliers, distributors and global works force they plan to become a true worldwide market leader in consumer vehicles. Their strategy of becoming on stop shop for all vehicle related things thats include purchasing, financing and maintaining shows their progressive thinking. After their success in USA and Europe market, they plan to conquer Asia Pacific and Middle East which is also an emerging market (www.ford.com, 2010). Strategic Paradox at Ford Ford, with its mission of becoming leading consumer good provider in automotive industry, had been a success story for decades, they had been leading USA, and Europe with their high quality, standard products and financial services. During the period of global economic crisis automotive industry also facing challenges in operating their business because of increased material costs, expensive labors and decreased demands. Due to all these circumstances Ford had to cut jobs in their North American operation and close down some plants and layoff around 30,000 employees, because their North American operation were suffering loses (Bordenave and Lung, 2000). Same was the case of their main competitor GM, they also had to cut jobs in order to remain profitable in highly competitive market, reasons for Ford to suffer losses in American market were not understanding their customers need that were changing and underestimating their non-American competitors like Toyota and Honda. Oil prices were increasing globally and heavy expensive cars were no more affordable of consumer markets, that is what Ford was unable to understand at that time, this was the time when Toyota and Honda entered into USA market and introduced low cost hybrid cars and started getting market share, Ford at that time were not into hybrid cars market and that is why started losing market share and revenue stated dropping causing them heavy losses in North American market. Before the time Toyota and Honda introduced hybrid cars models Ford was trapped in strategic paradox and was unable to predict future. At that time their business strategy was diversification with different operations for different markets with different standards and specifications, for example one Ford model called explorer was different for USA and Europe market (Bartlett, and Ghoshal1989). This strategy of having separated operation for different market caused them heavy costs in inter of high parts cost, separate RD for different markets and models, inefficient production cycle and no knowledge sharing among strategic business units resulting in silos instead of synergies, the above mention strategy was causing high costs and in the times of low demand and high competition this caused them revenue loses. To avoid this scenario and to stay competitive and profitable in business Ford launched their globalization 2000 plan that served as a way forward and made them again profitable and help them sustain their position as market leader. According to plan they shut down their some of the plants and came to the strategy of standardization, and that strategy help them reduce cost in terms of RD, as Research and Development was done at one place and at one product and applied everywhere, made their production efficient as after avulsion of Volvo, Aston Martin and Jaguar they were able to share knowledge and made their production more profitable and cost efficient by adopting each others best practices. They saved cost in parts as global purchase system helps them have more bargaining power on suppliers. Having this globalization plan applied, Ford was able to achieve low cost strategy and that increased their profitability (Buckley and Casson, 1976). Literature Review on Global Business Strategies By the growth of business when companies starts their operations in other countries they are called global or international companies, at that time of growth their business strategies that being used in their home countries are no more effective, since global business dynamics are different from local business environment and local business objectives are different from global business objectives, there is a need to have a global business strategy that is not able to achieve global business objectives but also able to make the organization perform in home country, at the same time that strategy should be able to meet short term and long term goals of the organization, while looking at goals shorts term goals can be managing cash flows, revenue targets, market share and cost management and long term goals can be having sustainable competitive advantage and brand building leading to continued profits and growth (Ahlstrom and Bruton, 2007). While looking at the literature available regarding global business management and having sustainable competitive advantage and profitability, there are strategies which are presented and commented, but the there are two most important and main strategies that are suggested by key practitioners and commentators, these two generic are called standardization and adaptation, these are the main strategies one business follow and other strategies like cost leadership and diversification are derived from them. Each of these strategies has their own advantages and disadvantages, some commentators are in favor of standardization and some commentators are in favor of adaptation. In below lines let us explore each of these strategies in detail and try to find out which strategy Ford is currently follow and what strategic change is required in order to thrive in global business environment (Buckley and Casson, 1976). Standardization has been in use from the early production era, basic philosophy of this strategy is to make a standardized product or service for every target market, the entire marketing plan remain one and unchanged for different market segments, this strategy has a building block which is the idea that all human beings have the same need and this need can be satisfied with the a standard product no matter what the geographical area is and other forces that are involved in decision making can be ignored. Standardization has be practiced by production oriented companies specially the FMCG sector and automotive industry, this strategy has its own benefits that makes strategists to advocate it, for example when company opt for standardization it produces the same product for every market, that gives the company with the advantage of economies of scale, companies following cost leadership strategies normally goes for standardization strategy and compete in market on the basis of price. One other benefit that company gets is regarding raw material, when company produces one product then they need one kind of raw material by doing this they comes in the position of having bargaining power advantage over their suppliers because they will be purchasing in bulk quantity and this way they also get preference over other suppliers, another benefit is related to channel of distribution, standardized products are easy and cost effective to distribute and manage (Hrebiniak, 2006). Standardized prod ucts and marketing plan also provides companies with global brand image and helps company to establish their brand as big giant. Some commentators advocate that standardization fails to understand the local variation of needs. In contrast to standardization there is a strategy called adaptation, this strategy follows the base line that needs differ from region to region and market to market, and there are some other variables that influence the decision making of any product or service that can range from economic forces to cultural variable and that is why every product cannot be sold to everyone or everywhere without making some small but valuable changes in them and entire marketing plan should be customized according to the factors available in the target market (Hrebiniak, 2006). Adaptation requires some customization of marketing plan according to the region or market that is targeted, according to some commentators adaptation increases the cost of operating in business as production processes are channel of distribution needs to be modified accordingly but on the other hand it is also an argument that since adaptation enhances the overall customer experience with brand and their acceptability of product it eventually results in increased profit. Modern day businesses are not transferring toward adaptation with some mix of standardization; this strategy increases the adaptation process by the consumers and increases the revenues in result, companies following adaptation also follow diversification and then compete local players in market. What is to follow entirely depends upon the business, industry and target market, in some industries standardization is more suitable where mass production is required, needs of customers do not vary significantly and same product is required worldwide, in some industries adaptation is best to follow where customers need are variable is geography and diversification is required to have competitive advantage. Currently we can say that no company is depending entirely on one strategy, there is a mix of standardization and adaptation which followed by most of global companies, whether it is FMCG or Telecom or Automotive sector, big organizations are mixing standardization with adaptation, where main product remains same and some small modifications are done in marketing plan to make it successful and acceptable in market (Hrebiniak, 2006). While looking at Ford, it is very interesting to find that ford has changed their strategy from adaptation to standardization; reason of such strategic shift was to reduce the high cost which were incurred due to adaptation and was negatively affecting profitability of Ford. By launching their Globalization 2000 plan they shut down their few plants, and merge their some departments and made standardized processed and products for all markets, following this strategy they created synergies in different strategic business units and made them do work towards one goal and on one marketing plan for whole global market, this strategy reduced their operational costs and enhanced their profitability, and was a success move for them. Key Decisions for Ford Ford has emerged as market leader in automotive industry globally, they has been able to sustain their position for a longer period of time, in 1994 they changed their strategic focus, from standardization to adaptation, and up till now this strategy has been paying them, to stay competitive in coming years and not to get trapped in strategic paradox, they are required to make some critical business decisions, below are the areas where Ford would be required to focus and make decision in order to improve its business locally and globally. Invest in Brand Since automotive industry is related to the products in which buying behavior of consumer involves sensitivity with product performance and safety, this decision making is also complex because it involves a heavy amount of money from ones pocket. That is why is industry is dependent upon good word of mount and favorable brand image can positively affect companies revenues, such complex decisions are always associated with opinion leaders and positive brand image helps getting positive word of mouth, in this regard Ford need to invest heavily in their brand especially there they are newly entered, and planning to enter (Freyssenet, Shimizu Volpato ,2002). Efficient Distribution Channel While operating globally and having standardization strategy in mind Ford need to have an efficient distribution channel in place, auto market is also dependent on a good channel of distribution, as customers rely heavily on the opinions of dealers, their product information and persuasion abilities play a vital role in decision making of consumers. The more efficient the dealer is and has reliable know about product the more likely is consumer to trust them and depend upon their opinion. Efficient channel of distribution also helps save costs and Ford should improve their geographical management of channel in way that costs are reduced (Bordenave and Lung,2000). Cash Flow Management Automotive industry is characterized with heavy cost and capital investments, for this reason organizations need to have a good cash flow management to supports their operational expenses, to improve their cash flow Ford can get help from their finance SBU as the provide financing to consumers for their automobile purchase. But the key area to look into is an overall cash flow management system to help them operate successfully, and in scenario of global standardization strategy this is even more critical. Compliance with Standards As companies go global standards of production varies from country to country and region to region, and having a standardization strategy may be a challenge to continue as there may be difference in local and international rules and regulations, however this challenge can be faced by making small modifications in production standards but this be again a challenge to keep these modification under controlled and bearable costs, this may also require to have a strategic shift and if not this factor stand alone but mixed with others can be significant to require a strategic move (Bordenave and Lung,2000). Changing Needs In todays business scenario, consumers needs are changing more rapidly than ever, automotive industry where consumers need where pretty much stagnant as compared to other industries this sector is also starting facing this challenge of rapidly changing needs, now every market has their own set of need that will eventually lead the industry to customization according to geographical region, and this can affect their strategic decisions of remaining on standardization, there may be a strategic shift required to cater to this changing paradigm of market dynamics. Ford may have to have their customize options open in order to keep the customers and stay competitive in market, their standardization is right now is serving as competitive advantage but maybe there will be a strategic shift required to sustain their competitive advantage (Freyssenet, Shimizu Volpato, 2002). Organizational Size Management Fords organizational size may be key factor for them, they have already shut their plants and laid off their thousands of employees, this was an obvious result of strategy they were about to follow, as they were about to create synergies and sharing of resources of among different strategic business units, to keep up with the same strategy they may have to create more synergies and change their organizational size, since they need to reduce their cost further, there may be decisions required to reduce their organizational size, may be from Europe, and USA. Mergers Ford has been doing some successful mergers and these mergers has been improving their profitability and enhancing their corporate image as market leader in the industry, Ford may be required to have more merger in order to go in untapped markets, they may be required to have merges with local players in order to penetrate in market more rapidly and get more swift acceptance, while moving in emerging economies like India Ford can have some alliances with local industry that can win them more market share then their competitors, this can serve as good idea as this will also save some cost to the market leader (The Economist, 2005). New Markets Ford has been market leader in USA and Europe, but now to be a true global market leader in automotive industry Ford should go for un served markets , these un served market can provide them with first movers advantage, easy penetration and more profitability; India and some other countries of Asia Pacific and Middle East can be good markets for their new ventures, some countries in Asia Pacific are now considered as emerging economies and there are great potential for Fords products, company should consider having new ventures and grab the market before their competitors do. Strategic Way Forward This is may be one the most important decisions that Ford may have to make, as described above there are certain factors that are interrelated and changing with the market dynamics, Ford at this point in time will have to make certain strategic decisions regarding their future business strategy and way forward, they will have to make strategic choice that what global business strategy they are going to follow in the future, standardized adaptation could be their choice but this decision is critical and will decide their future as market leader (The Economist, 2005). Strategic Implementation Challenges Whenever a company decides upon its global business strategy, there comes another challenge of successfully implementing this strategy, same will be the case with Ford, below are challenges that are, in my point of view, can be challenging for Ford in the process implementation. Formulation of Strategy First challenge will be making of viable, clear and successful business strategy, this first has the utmost importance and this is going to be the most important decision. Creating Synergies Since ford is adopting the standardization strategy, there will be a requirement of creating synergies among departments to share resources and knowledge, however most of the time creating synergies become a challenge for the management, people with different knowledge and cultural back ground, different implementation of systems and processes and ability to mold systems and streamline operation create hindrances in creation of synergies, and same will be a challenge for Ford in the short run, and making synergies work in longer run. To have this concept implemented top management will have to present on ground and pay special attention on this because this is the first step in strategy implementation and will provide ground for other steps (Hrebiniak, 2006). Commitment of Managers The middle and lower level manger play a vital role in success and failure of any strategy, because they are the one are going to actually execute the process of implementation, their commitment level and understanding of strategy is very important, as mentioned above if we take synergy creation as example, the role of middle management is very vital in this regard, if they do not understand the concept and rationale of synergies, does not possess the knowledge and skills to actually create synergies they total strategic plan is going to result in a failure, same is the case with other aspect of strategic plan, for better implementation of strategy it is vital to have the required human resources that have the capabilities of having this done (Hrebiniak, 2006). Communication of Plans This is a important and usually ignored aspect in organizations that strategy and plans are not properly communicated throughout the organization and that is why the whole organization cannot come on one frequency and strategy fails, Ford has to make sure that all are aboard and on the same frequency before making the execution part happen, they will have to make sure that line managers and even support staff understand what is organizational direction and how they are going to achieve that direction, failure to do so will result in failure of strategy as happened with many organizations (Allio, 2005). Consensus Is another challenge that many organizations has to face and same would be the case with Ford, there is a strategic shift at hand and many stake holders may be not agreed to it, and once they are not agreed to do what is required there will be a failure in the implementation process, getting everyone ready and agreed on one strategy will be a challenge that is likely to be faced by Ford top management, however this challenge can be overcome by better communication of strategy and having everyones concerns listened and addressed (Allio, 2005). Top Management Commitment Consistency Having and strategy formulated and executed is one thing and being committed to one strategy is another thing and at the same time vital thing, while implementing a strategy top managements commitment is not only necessary to be there but also it needs to be visible in order to make middle management believe in what they are doing and having faith in their strategic direction. Such strategies, about which managements commitment is not visible are not properly executed and does not result in success (Allio, 2005). Organizational Structure Having a strategy implemented requires a structure that support the strategy, if Ford is going to have standardization in place then they requires such organizational structure that supports this kind of plans, in order to remain in modern business Ford will be required to have more flatter organizational structure that empowers people with their own decision making (Okumus, 2001). Conclusion Global businesses require global strategies and there are few options available to global businesses to follow, so there this strategic choice should be made with care and keeping all factors in mind, Ford has been successfully using standardization strategy for last one decade, but to be successful in coming years they need to make some crucial decisions and then the challenge will be to implement these challenges, top managements vision and commitment will play a vital roles this and at the same time middle managements commitment to executions will also be of much importance.

The North Korean Nuclear Crisis Essay examples -- Weapons Nuclear Kore

The Nuclear Crisis of 1993 The question of a nuclear North Korea has roots dating back to the 1980's. Initial concerns arose in the mid-1980's, with intelligence reports proposing the potential for North Korean nuclear ambitions. Reports cite the construction of a nuclear reactor capable of producing weapons-grade plutonium . The reactor in question, located in Yongbyon, was the focus of the first North Korean nuclear crisis in 1993. The Clinton administration proceeded with diplomatic efforts, forging an agreement by 1994 that effectually ended the crisis. Under the Agreed Framework, North Korea agreed to: (1) halt operation and construction of nuclear reactors, (2) freeze reprocessing of spent fuel (from which plutonium can be derived to make nuclear weapons), and (3) allow IAEA inspectors to monitor nuclear facilities. In return, the US agreed to: (1) lead an international consortium in the construction of two proliferation-resistant light-water reactors (LWR), and (2) supply fuel oil until the firs t reactor is deemed operational . The Current Crisis in Brief The current crisis officially began in October 2002, when a visiting US delegation, led by Assistant Secretary of State James Kelly, confronted North Korean officials with evidence of a nuclear weapons program (using enriched uranium, as opposed to the plutonium used in its first weapons program). Pyongyang admitted to the program?s existence, stating, ?We will meet the sword with the sword. ? The US, South Korea, and Japan subsequently halted all shipment of fuel oil to North Korea, in November, on the grounds that the once covert nuclear program was in violation of the Agreed Framework. In December, North Korea announced the reactivation of its nuc... ...?we will not attack you? if all nuclear ambitions are abandoned . The administration should also make good on its proposition to agree on a system in which ?corresponding measures? are taken on both sides to resolve the crisis. It will be imperative to develop a verifiable means of dismantling Pyongyang?s weapons program. Furthermore, the focus of future dialogues should be on the issue of nuclear dismantlement, straying from the topic as sparingly as possible. As President Bush and other administration officials have reminded the international community, and in particular North Korea, ultimately ?all options are on the table.? Given the current status of dialogues and continued willingness of countries in the region to proceed with diplomatic efforts, however, the option for military action is effectively taken off the table for the US for the time being.